Kweli nqaku siza kuhlola ziziphi izimamva nezimaphambili, indlela asebenza ngayo kunye nendlela asetyenziswa ngayo ukuguqula intsingiselo yamagama. Ezi zakhi zegrama zisisiseko ekuqondeni ukwakheka kwamagama eSpanish, kwaye apha siza kucacisa ngokucacileyo nangendlela ecacileyo ukuze wonke umntu aqonde. yintoni isimamva y yintoni isimaphambili.
Zithini izimaphambili?
Los izimaphambili Zizinto ezibekwe ngaphambili yegama kwaye uguqule intsingiselo yalo. Ukuqonda indlela isimaphambili esisebenza ngayo, masithathe igama Ingalo. Eli gama libhekisa kwilungu lomzimba. Nangona kunjalo, ukuba songeza isimaphambili NGEMBONO YE (okuthetha ukuthi ‘phambi’), sifumana igama UMDLALO, elibhekisela kwindawo eyahlukileyo yomzimba, ephambi kwengalo. Kule meko, isimaphambili siyitshintshe ngokupheleleyo intsingiselo yegama.
Ngakumbi ngokobugcisa, izimaphambili zi iimofimu eziswele ukuzimela. Oku kuthetha ukuba akanakusetyenziswa ngokuzimeleyo, koko kufuneka adityaniswe negama elisisiseko ukuze abe nentsingiselo epheleleyo. Zisetyenziswa ngokubanzi ukufumana amagama amatsha kwaye uguqule intsingiselo yezo sele zikhona.
Imizekelo eqhelekileyo yezimaphambili
Apha ngezantsi zezinye zezona zimaphambili ziqhelekileyo kwiSpanish kunye nentsingiselo yazo:
- anti-: ngokuchaseneyo okanye inkcaso. Imizekelo: engeyondalo, amayeza okubulala iintsholongwane.
- Ngokuzenzekelayo: ibonisa into eyenziwe nguwe. Imizekelo: imoto, ukuzifundisa.
- Phendula: ibonisa uphinda-phindo. Imizekelo: khetha kwakhona, yenza kwakhona.
- Ngaphakathi o Ndi-: ukukhanyela okanye ukungabikho. Imizekelo: ayinakwenzeka, ayinakufa.
Njengoko ubona, izimaphambili zingongeza iintsingiselo ezintsha ngokupheleleyo kunye neenuances kumagama asisiseko, ngaphandle kokutshintsha udidi lwazo lwegrama, zizenze izixhobo eziluncedo kakhulu ekudaleni amagama amatsha.
Zintoni izimamva?
Los izimamva Zisebenza ngokufanayo kwizimaphambili, kodwa umahluko omnye ongundoqo: zibekwe ekupheleni kwengcambu yegama, kwaye inokuguqula ngokuthe ngqo intsingiselo yalo okanye izalise leyo esele inayo. Isimamva songeza ulwazi olongezelelweyo kwingcambu yegama. Umzekelo:
Ukuba sithatha igama IMELON kwaye songeza isimamva -AR (nto leyo ebonisa ‘indawo apho kukho into eninzi’), sifumana igama IMELONAR, elithetha ‘indawo apho ivatala zininzi’.
Izimamva zibalulekile ekwakhiweni kwamagama amatsha kwaye kaninzi zikwatshintsha udidi lwegrama lwegama lokuqala. Umzekelo, ngokudibanisa isimamva -ITO, nto leyo ebonisa ukuncipha, kwigama YINJA, sifumana INDODA, etshintsha zombini ubungakanani be-connotative yesilwanyana kunye neqondo lothando.
Imizekelo eqhelekileyo yezimamva
- – kakhulu: ibonisa iqondo eliphezulu. Imizekelo: intle kakhulu, intle kakhulu.
- -iya/a: iyancipha okanye inothando. Imizekelo: indlu encinci, umthi omncinci.
- -utata: ukwenza izibizo ezingabonakaliyo. Imizekelo: ububele, ulonwabo.
- -nako: into enokubakho. Imizekelo: inobubele, inokwenzeka.
Njengakwizimaphambili, izimamva zinokutshintsha intsingiselo yegama kwaye, kwiimeko ezininzi, zivumele igama elisisiseko ukuba lisebenze kolunye udidi lwegrama.
Ukukhutshwa
Kulo ngaphaya, igama elitsha liyilwa ukusuka enye ngokudibanisa, ukucinywa okanye ukutshintshwa kwezinto ezibizwa ngokuba zii-afixes (ezifana nezimaphambili kunye nezimamva). I-Derivation ikuvumela ukuba wenze uluhlu lwamagama athathwe kwingcambu eqhelekileyo.
Umzekelo we i-parasynthetic shunt Kuxa zombini isimaphambili kunye nesimamva zongezwa kwisiseko segama ngaxeshanye. Kule meko, ukuba sisusa zombini izihlomelo (isimaphambili kunye nesimamva) asipheli ngegama esele likho. Umzekelo unokuba ‘khubazeke’, apho zombini ‘dis-‘ kunye no-‘-ed’ zibalulekile kwintsingiselo epheleleyo yegama.
Iintlobo zokugqitha
Kukho iindlela ezahlukeneyo zokuvela, eyona ixhaphakileyo ukubunjwa ngasemva, apho igama elitsha lifunyanwa ngo ukucima isimamva. Le nkqubo isetyenziselwa ukwenza izibizo ezisuka kwizenzi. Umzekelo, ‘gallop’ lithatyathwe ‘ukugabadula’. Omnye umzekelo ‘yingxoxo-mpikiswano’, ekuthathwe kuyo ‘ingxoxo-mpikiswano’.
Le yinkqubo eqhelekileyo kulwimi lwemihla ngemihla kwaye ibonisa indlela izihlomelo ezinokwenza ngayo lula amagama antsokothileyo.
Ixabiso lesemantiki lezimaphambili kunye nezimamva
Ngokudibanisa a isimaphambili Njengoko sibonile ngaphambili, udidi lwegrama yegama alutshintshwa, kodwa intsingiselo yalo itshintshile. Umzekelo, ‘enabled’ utshintsho ku ‘disableed’ kunye ne prefix ‘des-‘, ebonisa ukulandula.
Kwelinye icala, a Isimamva njengo-‘-tata’, iyakwenza ngokubanzi izibizo ukusuka kwizichazi ngaphandle kokutshintsha intsingiselo esisiseko yengcambu, kodwa kunoko umsebenzi wayo kwisivakalisi. Umzekelo, ‘equal’ utshintsho ukusuka kwisichazi ukuya kwisibizo ‘equality’.
Kukwakho nezimaphambili ezine ngaphezu kwentsingiselo enye. Imeko enomdla sisimaphambili ‘re’, esinokuthetha:
- ‘Kwakhona’, njengaku ‘phinda’ okanye ‘phinda ufunde’.
- ‘Ngokupheleleyo’, njengaku ‘gcwalisa’ okanye ‘kwikhava’.
Ngezimamva, kwenzeka into efanayo. Isimamva esifana no-‘-oso’, esenza izichazi, songeza umgangatho onxulumanisa igama elisisiseko kwisichazi esinesiphumo, umzekelo: ‘uhlobo’ okanye ‘igqabi’.
Kule vidiyo uza kubona ingcaciso ethe kratya yesihloko: Ingcaciso yezimamva nezimaphambili.
Isiphelo: Izimaphambili kunye nezimamva zizinto ezibalulekileyo ekwakhiweni kolwimi lwesiSpanish. Ngokusetyenziswa kwalo, ulwimi luba bhetyebhetye kwaye luvumela ukuyilwa kwamagama aneentsingiselo ezithe ngqo. Ukuqonda indlela izimaphambili kunye nezimamva ezisebenza ngayo kuvula umnyango wobutyebi bolwimi, nokuba uthini na ulwimi lweSpanish ngokutyibilikayo.