Ndezvipi nhamba dzechiRoma uye dzinoshanda sei? Mitemo uye curiosities

Budiriro yeRoma yakanga iri imwe yedzakabudirira zvikuru munguva dzakare. Vakamira kunze kwekufambira mberi kwavo munzvimbo dzakawanda: ivo vakagadzira mapepanhau, migwagwa, aqueducts, Roman arches uye zvakare sisitimu yenhamba inoramba ichishandiswa nhasi mune mamwe mamiriro: iyo nhamba dzechiroma. Asi, Iwe unoziva here iwo manhamba echiroma manhamba? Zvadaro, tichaongorora mitemo iyi uye totsanangura zvakadzama mavambo, shanduko uye nzira yakarurama yekuishandisa. zviratidzo zveRoma.

Kwakatangira zviratidzo zveRoma

Chimiro chenhamba cheRoma chakatanga nevaEtruscans, vanhu vekare vaigara muPeninsula yeItaly isati yakura Roma. MaEtruscans aishandisa zviratidzo zvakaita seI, L, X, Ψ, 8, uye ⊕ kumiririra nhamba, dzakazotorwa nevaRoma. Nhamba dzechiRoman dzaizivikanwa, pakati pezvimwe zvinhu, pakuve a non-positional system, kusiyana nedecimal system yatinoshandisa nhasi. Panzvimbo pokuvimba nenzvimbo yenhamba, vaRoma vakawedzera kana kubvisa zviratidzo zvichienderana nokuiswa kwadzo. Muchokwadi, chimiro chatinoziva chakashanduka zvishoma nezvishoma, uye hazvina kusvika kuMiddle Ages apo nhamba dzakadzikama muchimiro chatinoshandisa nhasi.

Mitemo yechiRoma

Iyo yeRoman numeral system inogona kuita seyakaoma pakutanga, asi kana wangonzwisisa mitemo yekutanga, zviri nyore. Zvadaro, tinotsanangura mitemo mikuru yenhamba dzechiRoma:

1. Kuverenga kubva kuruboshwe kuenda kurudyi: Kufanana nehurongwa hwedu hwenhamba, nhamba dzechiRoma dzinoverengwa kubva kuruboshwe kuenda kurudyi. Iri harisi dambudziko mutsika dzedu, sezvo nzira yedu yekuverenga ichitevera gwara rimwe chete.
2. Zviratidzo I, X, C uye M zvinogona kudzokororwa kusvika katatu. Semuenzaniso, III inomiririra nhamba 3, uye XXX inomiririra makumi matatu.
3. Zviratidzo V, L uye D hazvigone kudzokororwa. Naizvozvo, haugone kunyora VV kumiririra gumi, hazvina kunaka.
4. Kuwedzera nekubvisa zvichienderana nechinzvimbo: Kana nhamba diki yawedzerwa kurudyi rweimwe hombe, inowedzerwa. Semuenzaniso, VI (5 + 1) i6. Zvisinei, kana nhamba diki iri kuruboshwe, inobviswa. Muenzaniso: IV (5 – 1) yakaenzana ne4.
5. Kumiririra zviuru kana mamiriyoni, mutsetse wepamusoro unoshandiswa pamusoro penhamba, zvinoreva kuwanda ne 1000. Semuenzaniso: V inomiririra 5000.

Kumiririrwa kwehuwandu hwakawanda

Mukuwedzera kumitemo inokosha, vaRoma vakakwanisawo kumiririra nhamba huru. Kuti vaite izvi, vakashandisa bhari yepamusoro pamusoro pezviratidzo, iyo yakawedzera kukosha kwenhamba ne1000.

Nokushandiswa kweidzi mbariro, vaRoma vakakwanisa kumirira zvitsama zvikuru zvikuru, kubatanidza mamiriyoni. Semuyenzaniso, X vaimiririra 10.000, uye MM Angava mamiriyoni maviri.

Iyo duodecimal system yezvikamu

Chinhu chinonakidza pamusoro pehurongwa hweRoma ndechekuti vaivewo nea duodecimal system kumiririra zvikamu. Iyi sisitimu yakabvumira kuti nhamba igovane muzvikamu gumi nembiri zvakaenzana, izvo zvaigonesa kuverengerwa kwezvikamu zvakajairika zvinoshandiswa muhupenyu hwezuva nezuva, senge 1/4 kana 1/2. Kumiririra zvikamu zvidiki, vaRoma vaishandisa chiratidzo I semayuniti nebhii S kwehafu (semis). Mari yeRoma yakateverawo iyi duodecimal system, ichishandisa «dot» kumiririra chikamu chimwe chete kana chikamu chegumi nembiri chemari.

Nhamba dzechiRoman nhasi

Nhasi, nhamba dzeRoma dziri kuramba dzichiwana nzvimbo yadzo mukuverenga mazana emakore, zvitsauko zvemabhuku, mazita aPope neMadzimambo, mabhaisikopo nezviitiko zvemitambo zvakaita seMitambo yeOlympic kana kuti Super Bowl.

• Mazita emaPope neMadzimambo: John Paul II, Henry VIII.
• Mazana emakore: 21st century, 13th century.
• Nhamba dzeChitsauko: Chitsauko X, Chitsauko III.
• Zviitiko: Super Bowl LIV, Mitambo yeOlympic XXIX.

Hunhu uye kuda kuziva kweiyo Roman manhamba system

Zviripachena kuti iyo ChiRoma nhamba Yaishandiswa nevanhu vairarama munguva dzekare dza Humambo hweRoma. Sechinhu chikuru tinoona kuti mune ino manhamba mamwe mavara anoshandiswa sezviratidzo zvehuwanduZvakakoshawo kutaura kuti nhamba dzechiRoman ndi manhamba ekuverenga manhambaTinorevei kana tichidaro? Tinoreva kuti vane gumi, mazana, zviuru, zvichingodaro. Chinhu chinonakidza chatisingafaniri kutadza kutaura ndechekuti hapana nhamba zero kuratidza kusavapo kwezvinhu (nhamba iyi yaizivikanwa kubva munguva dzeBabironi, asi yakangounzwa senhamba muIndia mumakore ekuma900 uye yakazozivikanwa pasi rese nekuda kwemaArabu, kunyangwe zvichizivikanwa kuti mamongi Dionysius Exiguus naSaint Bede mumakore 525 ne725 vakashandisa chiratidzo N kumiririra 0, asi izvi hazvisati zvashandiswa parizvino). Mukati menhamba dzechiRoman hapana kana nhamba dzisina kunaka kana. Izvo zvakakosha kuti uzive kuti izvo zvava kushandiswa izvozvi nhamba mavhoriyamu akasiyana kana mabhuku enisaikoropidhiya (Vhoriyamu I, Vhoriyamu II), isu tinovashandisa ivo mazita eMadzimambo, maPope uye vamwe vafundisi (Pope Benedict XVI), we zviito uye zviitiko kubva mukutamba Inoshandiswawo (Chiito I, Chiitiko 2). Chimiro chenhamba dzechiRoma chinoshandiswa nhasi ku musangano wekongiresi, Olimpiki uye zvimwe zviitiko (II Congress yeMishonga), isu tinoishandisawo iyo kuverenga kwemafirimu akasiyana esaga imwechete (Rocky, Rocky II, Rocky III, nevamwe). Nhamba dzechiRoman dzine hukoshi hunokosha hwetsika, dzichitibatanidza nekare uye dzichitiyeuchidza nezvemidzi yehurongwa hwedu hwekuverenga nhamba. Kunyange zvisingakwanisike pakuverenga masvomhu kwakaoma, kuvapo kwadzo hakurambike muzvinhu zvakasiyana-siyana zvehupenyu hwanhasi. Kuziva mitemo yenhamba dzechiRoma hakungowedzere manzwisisiro ako enhoroondo netsika asiwo kunopa chishandiso chakakosha pakuverenga nekunzwisisa nzira dzakasiyana dzenhamba dzichiri kushandiswa nhasi.